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Ing factor (M-CSF). These cytokines could exhibit thrombocytosis. Incidence and prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in patients with lung cancer has been investgated in some studies [35]. Pedersen and Milman [36] examined data on platelet counts PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14960617 obtained in a large population (1178 patients) of patients with primary lung cancer. A high prevalence (32 ) of elevated platelet counts was observed in patients with lung cancer. The frequency of thromboembolism in patients with thrombocytosis was not statistically different from the frequency found in patients with normal platelet counts so, according the authors, thrombocytosis should not be considered as a risk factor predisposing to thromboembolism in cancer patients [36]. Thrombocytosis was associated with the tumour load according to the disease stage. Surgical debulking of the tumour resulted in significantly reduced platelet counts. Respect to survival, patients with thrombocytosis had a significantly poorer survival than patients with normal platelet counts. According to the results of this study, thrombocytosis is an indipendent prognostic factor of survival in patients with primary lung cancer [36]. Tomita et al. [35] evaluated the prognostic effect of thrombocytosis in patients with resectable NSCLC. 240 consecutive NSCLC patients, who received surgical resection, were reviewed retrospectively and the survival impact of preoperative platelet count was investigated. The 5-year survival of patients with and without thrombocytosis was 28,87 and 63,73 , respectively (p 1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)-1,4-diazepane patients with squamous cell lung cancer and among smokers. The presence of perioperative thrombocytosis in patients undergoing surgery had a negative prognostic value (the overall 5-year survival was worse in patients with thrombocytosis (p 8-Bromo-5-chloroquinoline al. [18] observed in a large cohort of lung cancer that patients with thromboembolic events showed significantly higher levels of platelet count at the time of diagnosis of lung cancer PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9282946 and a platelet count above 330.5 ?109 was associated with OR for major fpls.2016.01689 thromboembolic events was 3.66 (2.25?.96) -- a statistically significant value. Thrombocytosis was found in patients with advance disease, more commonly in men, with no apparent correlation with the clinical stage of the disease [38]. On the contrary, Demirci et al. in a restrospective study of consecutive 281 patients with lung cancer did not observe a significant correlation between vascular events and thrombocytosis [39]. Plasma levels of D-dimer are elevated in cancer patients. Activation of the extrinsic coagulation system and the fibrinolytic cascade within a tumour is thought to be related with growth, invasion and metastasis. Although high D-dimer was described as a predictor of VTE in earlier works, it is now recognized that it does not necessarily indicate an increased risk of VTE in cancer patients [18]. Several studies have demonstrated that elevated Ddimer levels are associated with a poor prognosis in cancer patients. In patients with both non-small cell and small cell lung cancer, increased plasma D-dimer levels were shown to be predictive for a worse clini.